Finance English
Finance English Glossary
457 professional finance english terms with definitions, pronunciation and examples. Learn what each term means — free with Termify.
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S
- Что такое Seed Phrase? A sequence of words generated by a wallet that allows recovery of private keys and access to digital assets; critical fo...
- Что такое Smart Beta? An investment approach that uses systematic, rules-based strategies to capture factor exposures beyond traditional marke...
- Что такое Style Box? A visual framework, created by Morningstar, for classifying mutual funds by investment style (value, blend, growth) and ...
- Что такое Swing Pricing? A mechanism that adjusts a fund’s net asset value (NAV) to allocate transaction costs to subscribing or redeeming invest...
А
- Что такое агрегатор DEX? A service that aggregates liquidity and pricing across multiple decentralized exchanges to optimize trade execution for ...
- Что такое Адекватность тарификации? A measure of whether insurance premiums collected are sufficient to cover expected claims, expenses, and provide for req...
- Что такое Адрес кошелька? A unique string of characters representing a destination for blockchain transactions and the public identifier of a wall...
- Что такое Адрес сжигания? A blockchain address to which tokens are sent to be permanently removed from circulation, reducing supply and potentiall...
- Что такое Аккредитив? A formal document issued by a bank guaranteeing payment to a beneficiary on behalf of the applicant, provided that speci...
- Что такое Активная доля? A measure of the percentage of portfolio holdings that differ from the benchmark index, used to quantify the degree of a...
- Что такое Активы, взвешенные по риску? Assets adjusted by a risk weight factor, as prescribed by Basel regulations, to determine the minimum amount of capital ...
- Что такое Актуарная оценка? A formal assessment of the present value of future policy liabilities and assets by an actuary, based on prescribed meth...
- Что такое Актуарное распределение? The professional process of distributing investment capital among different asset classes (e.g., equities, fixed income,...
- Что такое Алгоритмическая торговля? The automated execution of trading orders by computer algorithms based on pre-programmed criteria, designed to optimize ...
- Что такое Анализ Дюпона? A diagnostic tool that decomposes return on equity into profit margin, asset turnover, and equity multiplier to isolate ...
- Что такое Анализ стоимости? A systematic evaluation of a business, asset, or process to determine its economic value using qualitative and quantitat...
- Что такое анализ цепочки? The process of examining blockchain transactions and data to assess portfolio risks, compliance, and transaction legitim...
- Что такое Анализ чувствительности? A technique used to determine how different values of an independent variable impact a particular dependent variable und...
- Что такое Андеррайтинговый риск? The risk of loss resulting from insurance underwriting activities, including insufficient premiums, inappropriate select...
- Что такое Андеррайтинговый цикл? A recurring pattern in insurance markets marked by periods of competitive pricing (soft market) and restrictive pricing ...
- Что такое Антиотбор? A situation in which higher-risk individuals are more likely to purchase insurance, leading to an imbalance in the risk ...
- Что такое Атрибуция доходности? A process in portfolio analysis that quantifies the impact of various investment decisions, such as asset allocation and...
- Что такое Атрибуция доходности? The analytical process of determining the sources of a portfolio’s returns relative to a benchmark, decomposing performa...
- Что такое аудит протокола? A formal security and compliance review of a blockchain protocol’s codebase and operational controls, essential for port...
- Что такое Аудиторская существенность? The quantitative or qualitative threshold in an audit below which misstatements are considered not to affect the fair pr...
Б
- Что такое База экспозиции? The underlying metric or unit used to quantify the amount of risk an insurer is covering, such as number of vehicles, pa...
- Что такое Безопасность мостов? Measures and protocols implemented to protect cross-chain token bridges from exploits, theft, and operational failures i...
- Что такое Бескупонная облигация? A debt security that does not pay periodic interest but is issued at a discount to its face value and matures at par, pr...
- Что такое Бета-актива? A measure of the systematic risk of a firm's assets, excluding the effects of leverage; used in cost of capital calculat...
- Что такое Бета-портфеля? A measure of a portfolio’s overall sensitivity to market movements, calculated as the weighted average of the betas of a...
- Что такое Бета-экспозиция? A measure of a portfolio’s sensitivity to movements in the overall market, representing systematic risk relative to a ch...
- Что такое Биржевой арбитраж? A trading strategy that seeks to profit from price discrepancies for the same digital asset on different cryptocurrency ...
- Что такое Блок-эксплорер? A web-based or on-chain tool that enables users and portfolio managers to view, search, and verify blockchain transactio...
- Что такое Брокер по перестрахованию? A specialist intermediary who arranges reinsurance coverage between insurance companies and reinsurers, providing market...
- Что такое Буфер системного риска? A supplementary capital requirement imposed by regulators on institutions or exposures posing systemic risks to the fina...
- Что такое Буфер сохранения капитала? A capital buffer above the minimum requirement, mandated by Basel III, to ensure banks can absorb losses during periods ...
В
- Что такое Валидатор? A node that participates in block validation and consensus by verifying transactions, creating new blocks, and securing ...
- Что такое валидатор моста? A participant responsible for validating and relaying cross-chain transactions over blockchain bridges, critical for ass...
- Что такое Валовая премия? The total amount of premium written by an insurer before deductions for reinsurance and other adjustments, reported as g...
- Что такое Валютное покрытие? A portfolio management technique using derivatives to manage currency risk separate from the underlying assets, common i...
- Что такое Вероятность дефолта? The likelihood that a borrower will default on its financial obligations within a specified time horizon, used in credit...
- Что такое Вестинг токенов? A contractual schedule outlining when and how token holders receive their allocated tokens over time, aligning incentive...
- Что такое Взвешивание риска? A regulatory factor used to assess the riskiness of an asset or exposure, determining the required capital to be held ag...
- Что такое Взыскания по перестрахованию? The amount of paid or unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses that an insurer is entitled to recover from reinsurers...
- Что такое Внедрение Базеля III? The process by which banks and regulators apply the risk-based capital, liquidity, and leverage standards outlined in th...
- Что такое Внесение кошелька в белый список? A risk-control and compliance procedure in which specific blockchain wallet addresses are pre-approved for fund transfer...
- Что такое Внутренняя оценка капитала? The process by which a bank evaluates the adequacy of its capital relative to its risk profile, business model, and regu...
- Что такое Восстановление кошелька? The process and protocols for regaining access to a digital wallet after key loss, device failure, or compromise, includ...
- Что такое Встроенная стоимость? A measure of the consolidated value of shareholders’ interests in the net assets and future profits of a life insurance ...
- Что такое Выбор валидатора? The process by which blockchain networks or staking protocols determine which validator nodes are eligible to participat...
- Что такое вывод с централизованной биржи? The process of transferring crypto assets from a centralized exchange to an external wallet or portfolio custody.
- Что такое Выделение из белого списка? A reserved portion of tokens or investment rights assigned exclusively to participants on a whitelist during private sal...
- Что такое Вызов по вариационной марже? A demand by a clearinghouse or counterparty for additional collateral to cover current exposures resulting from changes ...
- Что такое Выкупная стоимость? The amount payable to the policyholder by the insurer if the insurance policy is voluntarily terminated before its matur...
- Что такое Выплата по страховке? A disbursement made by an insurer to a policyholder or beneficiary as specified by the terms of the insurance policy, us...
Г
- Что такое газовый лимит? The maximum amount of gas units a user is willing to spend on a transaction in EVM-compatible blockchains, influencing t...
- Что такое Гамма опциона? A measure of the rate of change in an option’s delta relative to changes in the price of the underlying asset; indicates...
- Что такое Гарантированный минимум? A contractually stipulated minimum benefit, return, or payout that an insurer guarantees to a policyholder, regardless o...
- Что такое глубина рынка? A measure of the market's ability to sustain large orders without significant price changes, crucial for portfolio trade...
- Что такое Голосование по доверенности? The exercise of shareholder voting rights on corporate matters through an authorized representative, commonly used by in...
- Что такое Голосование по управлению? A formal process in which token holders or delegates participate in the decision-making of a protocol or DeFi platform, ...
- Что такое Горячий кошелек? A digital wallet connected to the internet for real-time transactions and frequent portfolio access, offering convenienc...
Д
- Что такое Дарк пул? A private financial market or trading venue for securities that is not accessible to the public and does not display ord...
- Что такое дата снимка? The specific block height or timestamp at which portfolio holdings or user balances are recorded for distributions, aird...
- Что такое Дебетовая карта? A payment card linked directly to a checking or savings account, enabling electronic access to funds for purchases or ca...
- Что такое Дельта опциона? A measure of the sensitivity of an option’s price to changes in the price of the underlying asset, representing the expe...
- Что такое Депозитарный счёт? A dematerialized account used to hold securities such as shares and bonds in electronic format, enabling seamless tradin...
- Что такое Дефицит премий? A situation where the unearned premium reserve is insufficient to cover the expected future claims and expenses on unexp...
- Что такое Дивиденд держателю полиса? A non-guaranteed distribution of surplus or profit to eligible participating policyholders, typically in participating l...
- Что такое Дизайн продукта? The process of developing insurance products, including coverage terms, pricing, features, and risk selection criteria, ...
- Что такое Дисконтная ставка? The interest rate used to determine the present value of future cash flows in valuation models and accounting measuremen...
- Что такое Длина эпохи? The fixed duration or number of blocks defining one epoch cycle in a blockchain network, used for finalizing state, vali...
- Что такое До востребования? A bank account from which funds may be withdrawn at any time without notice, typically used for day-to-day liquidity man...
- Что такое До востребования? A bank deposit account that is repayable on demand without advance notice, typically used for liquidity management in co...
- Что такое Договор перестрахования? Reinsurance Treaty is a formal contract under which a reinsurer accepts a defined portion of risks from a primary insure...
- Что такое Договор ретроцессии? A reinsurance contract under which a reinsurer transfers part of the risks it has assumed to another reinsurer (the retr...
- Что такое Должная проверка клиентов? A regulatory requirement obligating banks and financial institutions to verify the identity and assess the risk of custo...
- Что такое Доля неконтролирующих акционеров? The equity in a subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the parent company; formerly known as minority i...
- Что такое Домашний уклон? The tendency of investors to allocate a disproportionately large share of their portfolios to domestic assets, contrary ...
- Что такое Дополнительное покрытие? An additional coverage or benefit added to a base insurance policy through a rider, providing extra protection or featur...
- Что такое Дополнительный базовый капитал? A class of regulatory capital, recognized under Basel III and IV, that consists of instruments and reserves other than c...
- Что такое Дополнительный капитал первого уровня? A regulatory capital component under Basel III, referring to Tier 1 capital instruments that are not Common Equity Tier ...
- Что такое Достаточность капитала? A regulatory standard requiring insurers to maintain sufficient capital to absorb losses and meet policyholder obligatio...
- Что такое Достаточность премий? Premium Adequacy refers to the sufficiency of insurance premiums collected to cover expected claims, expenses, and maint...
- Что такое Драйвер стоимости? A key factor that fundamentally impacts the economic value or performance of a business, asset, or investment; typically...
- Что такое Дюрация портфеля? A weighted average measure of the sensitivity of a fixed income portfolio’s price to changes in interest rates, typicall...
З
- Что такое Загрузка расходов? The portion of an insurance premium added to cover the insurer’s operating expenses, including administration, commissio...
- Что такое Займ до зарплаты? A short-term, high-interest unsecured loan designed to cover the borrower's expenses until the next payday; subject to s...
- Что такое Залоговое право? A legal right or claim by a creditor over an asset of a debtor as collateral to secure a debt or obligation, enforceable...
- Что такое Запланированный перевод? An electronic banking instruction set by the account holder to move funds automatically between accounts on predetermine...
- Что такое Запуск ликвидности? A process by which new token projects gradually establish liquidity pools through incentivized early participation and v...
- Что такое Заработанная премия? The portion of premium that corresponds to the expired part of the policy period and has been 'earned' by providing insu...
- Что такое Захват альфы? A systematic process or platform used by asset managers to collect, evaluate, and act on alpha-generating investment ide...
- Что такое Защитный актив? An asset or market segment that is expected to retain or increase in value during periods of market turmoil. Common exam...
- Что такое Заём ценных бумаг? A process by which securities are temporarily transferred from a lender to a borrower in exchange for collateral, common...
- Что такое Знай своего клиента? The process of verifying the identity of clients and assessing their suitability, risks, and background to comply with a...
И
- Что такое Извлечение MEV? The process by which validators or miners maximize profits by reordering, including, or censoring transactions in a bloc...
- Что такое Инвестирование в рост? An equity investment strategy that targets companies with above-average expected earnings or revenue growth, focusing on...
- Что такое Инвестирование в стоимость? A fundamental investment strategy focused on buying securities that are undervalued relative to their intrinsic value, o...
- Что такое Инвестиции с воздействием? An investment strategy aiming to generate measurable positive social or environmental impact alongside a financial retur...
- Что такое Инвестиционная вселенная? The complete set of securities or assets from which a portfolio manager can select when constructing an investment portf...
- Что такое Инвестиционный горизонт? The length of time over which an investment, forecast, or financial objective is expected to be held or achieved, influe...
- Что такое Инвестиционный горизонт? The expected duration over which an investment or portfolio objective is to be achieved, critical for asset allocation, ...
- Что такое Инвестиционный доход? Earnings generated from the investment of an insurer’s assets, including interest, dividends, and realized gains, contri...
- Что такое Инвестиционный комитет? A formal group within an asset management organization responsible for setting investment policy, approving portfolio st...
- Что такое Инсайдерская торговля? The illegal practice of trading a public company’s securities based on material, non-public information, strictly prohib...
- Что такое Интеграция DeFi? The process of connecting or embedding decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols and smart contracts into portfolio managem...
- Что такое Интеграция DEX? The process of connecting portfolio management systems or platforms with decentralized exchanges (DEXs) to enable direct...
- Что такое интеграция цепочек? The process of connecting and interoperating between different blockchain networks to enable asset transfer or data shar...
- Что такое Информационное соотношение? A performance measure comparing the active return of a portfolio to the tracking error, showing how efficiently a manage...
- Что такое Ипотечный кредит? A long-term loan secured by real estate property, repaid in installments, and subject to specific interest rates and col...
- Что такое Исключение покрытия? A specific condition or circumstance listed in an insurance policy for which benefits will not be paid, limiting the ins...
К
- Что такое Казна DAO? The collective fund managed by a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), composed of tokens and assets used for gov...
- Что такое Канал распределения? Any system or intermediary through which insurance products are marketed, sold, or delivered to policyholders, including...
- Что такое Капитал на операционный риск? Capital that banks are required to hold to cover losses from operational risk events, including process failures, fraud,...
- Что такое Капитал на рыночный риск? Capital that financial institutions must hold to cover potential losses arising from market risk, such as changes in int...
- Что такое Капитал первого уровня? The core capital of a bank, consisting of common equity and disclosed reserves, used to absorb losses without ceasing op...
- Что такое Капитальный буфер? Excess capital held by an insurer above regulatory minimums to absorb unexpected losses and support financial strength d...
- Что такое Квази-деньги? Highly liquid financial assets that are not cash but can be easily converted to cash within a short period, such as trea...
- Что такое Квалифицированный финансовый контракт? A legally recognized financial agreement, such as a derivatives, repo, or securities lending contract, that is granted s...
- Что такое Классификация рисков? The process of categorizing insurance applicants into homogeneous risk groups to enable equitable premium pricing and ad...
- Что такое Кластеризация волатильности? The empirical tendency for large changes in financial markets to be followed by further large changes, and small changes...
- Что такое Клауза восстановления? A provision in insurance or reinsurance contracts that specifies the terms under which coverage is restored after a clai...
- Что такое Книга заявок? A digital record of open buy and sell orders for a crypto asset on an exchange, displaying price levels and volumes, use...
- Что такое Комиссия за газ? The transaction cost required to process operations or execute smart contracts on a blockchain network, typically denomi...
- Что такое Комиссия за транзакцию? The fee paid to validators or miners for processing and recording a transaction on a blockchain, impacting portfolio tra...
- Что такое Конвертация в наличность? A process or ratio measuring the efficiency with which a company converts its accounting profits or inventory into actua...
- Что такое Конечная стоимость? The estimated value of an asset, business, or project at the end of a forecast period, based on a perpetuity growth mode...
- Что такое Контрагентский кредитный риск? The risk that the counterparty to a financial contract will default before the final settlement of the transaction’s cas...
- Что такое Контроль проскальзывания? Operational methods or automated protocols implemented by crypto asset managers and trading systems to minimize adverse ...
- Что такое Контрциклический буфер? A variable capital buffer required by regulators during periods of credit growth to protect the banking sector from syst...
- Что такое Корректировка на риск? An explicit amount added to insurance liabilities to reflect the compensation an insurer requires for bearing the uncert...
- Что такое Корректировка оценки кредитного риска? A regulatory adjustment to the fair value of derivative instruments to account for counterparty credit risk, as mandated...
- Что такое Корректировка риска? A quantitative allowance in insurance accounting and actuarial reserving that reflects the uncertainty in the amount and...
- Что такое Коэффициент быстрой ликвидности? A liquidity metric calculated as (current assets minus inventories) divided by current liabilities, measuring a company’...
- Что такое Коэффициент выплаты дивидендов? The proportion of net earnings distributed to shareholders as dividends; calculated as dividends declared divided by net...
- Что такое Коэффициент ликвидности? A financial metric measuring an entity’s ability to meet short-term obligations using liquid assets. Common types includ...
- Что такое коэффициент обеспечения? The value ratio between collateral provided and debt issued in DeFi lending or synthetic asset protocols, affecting liqu...
- Что такое Коэффициент платежеспособности? A financial metric used to assess an entity’s long-term ability to meet its debt obligations, typically calculated as ne...
- Что такое Коэффициент платежеспособности? A regulatory metric that compares an insurer's capital to its required solvency capital, used to assess financial streng...
- Что такое Коэффициент покрытия? A financial metric that measures a company’s ability to service its debt or other fixed obligations, commonly including ...
- Что такое Коэффициент покрытия? The ratio of a pension fund's assets to its liabilities, indicating the plan’s ability to meet future obligations.
- Что такое Коэффициент покрытия ликвидностью? A regulatory metric under Basel III requiring banks to hold sufficient high-quality liquid assets to cover total net cas...
- Что такое Коэффициент прекращения? The percentage of insurance policies that are allowed to expire or are not renewed by policyholders within a specified p...
- Что такое Коэффициент продления? The percentage of insurance policies renewed at expiration compared to those eligible for renewal, used as a key indicat...
- Что такое Коэффициент расходов? A standardized metric expressing the total operating expenses of a fund or investment product as a percentage of its ave...
- Что такое Коэффициент расходов? A financial metric expressing an insurer’s operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums earned, used to assess eff...
- Что такое Коэффициент расходов? A measure of the total annual operating expenses of an investment fund, expressed as a percentage of average assets unde...
- Что такое Коэффициент расходов? A measure of a fund’s total annual operating expenses as a percentage of assets under management, critical for assessing...
- Что такое Коэффициент Сортино? A risk-adjusted performance metric that measures the excess return of a portfolio over the risk-free rate relative only ...
- Что такое Коэффициент сохранения? A measure of the proportion of insurance policies remaining in force without lapsing or being surrendered over a specifi...
- Что такое Коэффициент текущей ликвидности? A liquidity ratio calculated as current assets divided by current liabilities, indicating a company’s short-term solvenc...
- Что такое Коэффициент Трейнора? A risk-adjusted performance metric that measures excess return per unit of systematic risk, calculated as (Portfolio Ret...
- Что такое Коэффициент Трейнора? A risk-adjusted return metric that calculates excess return earned per unit of systematic risk (beta), measuring perform...
- Что такое Коэффициент убыточности? Claims Ratio is the percentage of insurance claims paid or incurred in relation to the earned premiums for a given perio...
- Что такое Коэффициент устойчивости? The percentage of insurance policies remaining in force without lapsing, surrendering, or cancellation during a specifie...
- Что такое Коэффициент хеджирования? The proportion of a position that is hedged via derivative instruments, calculated as the value of the hedging instrumen...
- Что такое Коэффициент Шарпа? A risk-adjusted performance measure calculated as the excess return of a portfolio over the risk-free rate, divided by t...
- Что такое Коэффициент Шарпа? A risk-adjusted performance metric that calculates the excess return per unit of total portfolio risk, typically express...
- Что такое Кредитная карта? A payment card issued by a financial institution that enables the holder to borrow funds within a credit limit to make p...
- Что такое Кредитная линия? A revolving credit facility offered by a financial institution that allows a borrower to draw funds up to a specified li...
- Что такое Кредитный рейтинг? A numerical rating derived from a borrower’s credit history, used by lenders to assess creditworthiness and risk in gran...
- Что такое Кредитный риск? The total potential loss a bank or financial institution faces from counterparty default on loans, credit facilities, or...
- Что такое Кредитный спрэд? The yield difference between a corporate bond and a government bond of similar maturity and currency, reflecting default...
- Что такое Кривая доходности? A graphical representation of the interest rates of bonds with equal credit quality but differing maturity dates, common...
- Что такое Кроссчейн-мост? A protocol enabling the transfer of digital assets or data across separate blockchain networks, allowing portfolio manag...
Л
- Что такое Ликвидити-майнинг? A DeFi incentive program in which users provide assets to decentralized liquidity pools and earn token rewards, commonly...
- Что такое ликвидное событие? A significant occurrence that materially impacts the availability or withdrawal of assets, such as a major unlock, vesti...
- Что такое Ликвидностный риск? The risk that a portfolio or asset cannot be bought or sold quickly enough in the market to prevent or minimize a loss, ...
- Что такое Ликвидный буфер? A reserve of highly liquid assets held to meet short-term obligations or cover unexpected cash outflows, as required by ...
- Что такое Ликвидный риск? The risk that an insurer will not be able to meet its short-term financial obligations as they come due without incurrin...
- Что такое Лимит покрытия? The maximum amount an insurer will pay for a covered loss under an insurance policy, as specified in the contract terms ...
- Что такое Лимит удержания? The maximum amount of risk or loss an insurance company or reinsurer retains on a policy or portfolio before transferrin...
- Что такое Лимит удержания? The maximum risk amount an insurer or reinsurer retains before transferring the excess to another reinsurer, as stipulat...
- Что такое Лонг-шорт? An investment strategy that combines long positions in securities expected to appreciate with short positions in securit...
- Что такое Лучшее исполнение? A regulatory and fiduciary standard requiring portfolio managers and brokers to execute client trades under the most fav...
М
- Что такое Максимальная просадка? The largest peak-to-trough percentage decline in portfolio value within a specified measurement period; a key downside-r...
- Что такое Маржа платежеспособности? Solvency Margin is the excess of an insurance company's assets over its liabilities, required by regulators as a buffer ...
- Что такое Маркет-мейкер? An entity or automated protocol providing continuous buy and sell quotes to ensure liquidity and efficient price discove...
- Что такое Маркет-нейтральный? A strategy that seeks to eliminate market risk by taking offsetting long and short positions, generating returns indepen...
- Что такое Мастер-фидер структура? An investment fund structure in which multiple feeder funds pool their assets into a single master fund, often used to a...
- Что такое Масштабирование слоёв? Techniques or protocols that increase blockchain transaction throughput and efficiency by building secondary layers (Lay...
- Что такое Метод начисления? A method of accounting in which revenues and expenses are recorded when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when ...
- Что такое Механизм консенсуса? The protocol and process by which a blockchain network achieves agreement on the validity of transactions and the additi...
- Что такое Миграция стоимости? The movement of economic value from outdated business models or sectors to those with superior competitive advantage, in...
- Что такое Минимальное требование к капиталу? The lowest amount of capital a bank is required to hold by regulators to cover its risks and protect depositors, as spec...
- Что такое Минимальный остаток? The minimum amount of money required to be maintained in a bank account to avoid fees or maintain account privileges, as...
- Что такое Моделирование катастроф? Catastrophe Modeling is the use of advanced statistical and computational methods to estimate the potential financial im...
- Что такое Мониторинг форков? Continuous surveillance of blockchain networks for forks—protocol splits that may result in chain divergence, asset dupl...
- Что такое Монте-Карло? A quantitative simulation technique using repeated random sampling to estimate the probability distribution of outcomes ...
- Что такое Мультипликатор собственного капитала? A financial leverage ratio calculated as total assets divided by total equity; measures the degree to which a firm finan...
- Что такое мультиподписной кошелек? A cryptocurrency wallet requiring multiple private keys to authorize transactions, enhancing security for portfolio asse...
Н
- Что такое Награды за стейкинг? Earnings paid to participants who lock or delegate their tokens in a proof-of-stake blockchain to support network operat...
- Что такое Надзор за платежными системами? The supervisory function by which central banks and regulators monitor, assess, and enforce safety, efficiency, and reli...
- Что такое Налоговая нагрузка? The negative effect of taxes on portfolio returns, reducing the investor’s after-tax performance due to realized gains, ...
- Что такое Негативная информация? Negative data on a borrower's credit report such as late payments, defaults, or bankruptcies, which adversely affect cre...
- Что такое Негативное скринирование? An ESG investment process that excludes companies, sectors, or countries from a portfolio based on predefined ethical, s...
- Что такое Неиспользованные средства? Funds held in cash or low-yield accounts that are not actively invested or used for operational purposes, resulting in o...
- Что такое непостоянная потеря? Temporary loss in value experienced by liquidity providers due to price divergence between deposited and held assets in ...
- Что такое Нефондируемая пенсия? A pension liability for which no specific assets have been set aside; obligations are paid from employer’s ongoing opera...
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- Что такое Обмен сообщениями ISO 8583? A standardized electronic message format for financial transaction card originated messages, used primarily in card paym...
- Что такое Обмен токенов? The exchange of one type of token for another—either on-chain or across different blockchains—via decentralized or centr...
- Что такое Обновление протокола? A change to the underlying rules or code of a blockchain or DeFi protocol, implemented to enhance functionality, fix bug...
- Что такое Обновление сети? A protocol change or technical update to a blockchain network that can affect asset interoperability, portfolio operatio...
- Что такое Оборачиваемость активов? A financial ratio measuring the efficiency with which a company uses its assets to generate sales, calculated as total r...
- Что такое Оборачиваемость портфеля? A measure of the rate at which assets within a portfolio are bought and sold over a specified period, typically expresse...
- Что такое Оборотный капитал? Net current assets calculated as current assets minus current liabilities, representing liquidity available for day-to-d...
- Что такое Обратная страховая защита? Insurance protection that applies to losses occurring prior to the inception date of the policy, typically in claims-mad...
- Что такое Обратное стресс-тестирование? A risk management technique where banks identify scenarios that could cause business failure, working backwards to pinpo...
- Что такое Обслуживание долга? The total amount of principal and interest payments required to repay outstanding debt within a specified period, often ...
- Что такое Общий коэффициент капитала? The ratio of a bank's total capital (Tier 1 and Tier 2) to its risk-weighted assets, as defined under Basel III and CRR/...
- Что такое Обёрнутый токен? A tokenized representation of a digital asset from another blockchain, enabling cross-chain compatibility, DeFi particip...
- Что такое Овердрафт? A credit facility that allows a bank account holder to withdraw more money than the current account balance, creating a ...
- Что такое Ончейн-аналитика? Analytical methods and data tools that leverage public blockchain transaction data to monitor, measure, and manage crypt...
- Что такое Ончейн-голосование? A decentralized governance process where votes on protocol decisions are cast and recorded directly on the blockchain, e...
- Что такое Ончейн-кастоди? The direct management and safekeeping of crypto assets by holding private keys on blockchain infrastructure, rather than...
- Что такое оператор узла? An entity or individual responsible for maintaining a blockchain node, critical for network security and portfolio staki...
- Что такое Операционная маржа? A profitability ratio calculated as operating income divided by net sales, indicating the proportion of revenue remainin...
- Что такое Операционный леверидж? A measure of how a percentage change in sales volume affects operating income, due to the presence of fixed costs in a c...
- Что такое Операционный риск? The risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, systems, or from external events, inclu...
- Что такое Операционный цикл? The average period between the acquisition of inventory and the collection of cash from receivables, measuring the effic...
- Что такое Определение размера позиции? The process of determining the appropriate dollar or percentage allocation of each investment within a portfolio to mana...
- Что такое Оптимизация газа? Strategies and tools to reduce blockchain transaction costs (gas) by scheduling, batching, or coding transactions effici...
- Что такое Оракул соответствия? A third-party service or smart contract that provides regulatory, legal, or compliance data feeds (such as sanctions, KY...
- Что такое Оракульный риск? The risk that an external data source (oracle) feeding off-chain information to a blockchain is manipulated, delayed, or...
- Что такое Основная ставка кредитования? The benchmark interest rate that commercial banks charge their most creditworthy corporate customers, influencing rates ...
- Что такое Основной капитал первого уровня? The highest quality component of Tier One Capital, consisting primarily of common shares and retained earnings, per Base...
- Что такое Остаточный доход? A performance metric representing net income minus a charge for the opportunity cost of capital employed; widely used in...
- Что такое Отбор ценных бумаг? The process by which a portfolio manager chooses individual securities within a given asset class to achieve the fund’s ...
- Что такое Отзыв платежа? An instruction by an account holder to a bank to refuse payment on a specific check or transaction before it has been pr...
- Что такое Отложенная выручка? A liability account representing income received before the related goods or services have been delivered, requiring rec...
- Что такое Отложенное приобретение? Insurance industry shorthand for 'Deferred Acquisition Costs'—expenses incurred to acquire new and renewal insurance con...
- Что такое Отложенный налог? A balance sheet account arising from temporary differences between the tax base of assets and liabilities and their carr...
- Что такое Оценка соответствия? A regulatory process by which investment firms determine if a financial product or portfolio strategy matches the invest...
- Что такое Ошибка слежения? A measure of the divergence between the performance of a portfolio and its benchmark, calculated as the standard deviati...
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- Что такое Паевой инвестиционный фонд? A regulated investment vehicle pooling funds from multiple investors to purchase a diversified portfolio of securities m...
- Что такое Пассивное инвестирование? An investment strategy that aims to replicate the performance of a benchmark index by holding all or a representative sa...
- Что такое Передача риска? Risk Transfer is the process by which one party shifts the financial consequences of a particular risk to another party,...
- Что такое Переменные издержки? A cost that changes in direct proportion to production volume or business activity, such as raw materials, direct labor,...
- Что такое Переход на ISO 20022? The global transition of payment, securities, and trade messages from legacy SWIFT formats (MT) to ISO 20022 XML-based m...
- Что такое Период белого списка? A predefined timeframe during which selected investors or addresses are allowed privileged access to token sales, stakin...
- Что такое Период блокировки? A specified duration after token issuance or investment during which holders are restricted from transferring or selling...
- Что такое Период лок-ап? A predetermined span of time during which investors in a hedge fund, private equity fund, or similar pooled vehicle are ...
- Что такое ПИН-код? A numeric or alphanumeric code used to authenticate the holder of a payment card, ATM card, or secure banking access, ma...
- Что такое Плата за капитал? The minimum return required on invested capital, representing the cost of capital multiplied by invested capital, used i...
- Что такое Плательщик? The person or entity that issues or makes a payment, typically by check, transfer, or direct debit, according to contrac...
- Что такое Платформа исполнения свопов? A trading platform regulated under Dodd-Frank and CFTC rules where multiple participants can execute and trade swaps in ...
- Что такое Погашение задолженности? The complete repayment of an outstanding loan balance, including principal, interest, and any accrued charges, thereby c...
- Что такое Подход на основе внутренних рейтингов? A methodology under Basel II/III allowing banks to use their own risk assessment systems to calculate capital requiremen...
- Что такое Показатель Альтмана? A credit-strength and bankruptcy risk indicator for companies, calculated using a weighted combination of financial rati...
- Что такое Покрытый колл? An options strategy in which an investor holds a long position in an underlying asset and sells call options on the same...
- Что такое Получатель платежа? The person or entity to whom a payment, such as a check, transfer, or remittance, is made or owed according to the instr...
- Что такое Пороговое ребалансирование? A systematic portfolio rebalancing method in which asset weights are adjusted only when they drift beyond predefined thr...
- Что такое Поручение на отзыв платежа? A formal, legal instruction from an account holder to their financial institution to halt payment on a specific check or...
- Что такое Постоянный номер счета? A unique, permanent, alphanumeric identifier issued by the national tax authority to individuals or entities for tax rep...
- Что такое Превышение лимита? A status indicating a credit or loan account has exceeded its approved credit limit, potentially incurring fees and regu...
- Что такое предложение по управлению? A formal submission within a blockchain protocol’s governance system proposing changes or upgrades, impacting portfolio ...
- Что такое Предупреждение о прибыли? A formal announcement by a company indicating that its earnings or profits are likely to fall materially below market ex...
- Что такое Преимущество диверсификации? The risk-reduction effect achieved by holding a mix of assets with imperfect correlations, lowering portfolio volatility...
- Что такое Премиальный доход? The total amount of premium revenue earned by an insurer from written, earned, or gross premiums over a reporting period...
- Что такое Премия за риск? The return in excess of the risk-free rate that investors demand for holding risky assets. Examples include equity, cred...
- Что такое Приватный ключ? A cryptographic key that provides control over digital assets held in a blockchain wallet; essential for transaction aut...
- Что такое Признание выручки? An accounting principle governing the specific conditions under which revenue is recognized or recorded, requiring firms...
- Что такое Проблемный актив? A loan or advance for which the principal or interest payment has remained overdue for a specified period (typically 90 ...
- Что такое Прогноз прибыли? Forward-looking statements issued by a company’s management, providing projected earnings, revenues, or other key financ...
- Что такое Производитель блоков? An entity or node responsible for creating and validating new blocks in a blockchain network, also referred to as a vali...
- Что такое Пропорциональное перестрахование? A form of reinsurance in which the reinsurer shares a fixed percentage of both premiums and losses with the ceding insur...
- Что такое Просроченный платеж? An item, such as a loan payment or bill, that has not been paid by its due date and is classified as overdue per banking...
- Что такое Противодействие отмыванию денег? A set of laws, regulations, and procedures designed to prevent criminals from disguising illegally obtained funds as leg...
- Что такое Профилирование риска? A systematic process used by investment firms to determine an investor’s risk tolerance, capacity, and willingness to ta...
- Что такое Процедура KYC? The mandatory procedure for verifying the identity of clients and counterparties in digital asset platforms and portfoli...
- Что такое Процентный риск? The risk that changes in market interest rates will adversely affect a bank’s earnings or the economic value of its asse...
- Что такое Процентный риск? The risk that changes in interest rates will negatively affect the value of bonds or other fixed-income securities in a ...
- Что такое процесс делегирования? The method by which token holders assign their staking rights to validators or nodes to earn rewards, integral to portfo...
- Что такое Процесс надзорной проверки? A regulatory procedure (Pillar 2 of Basel framework) in which supervisors evaluate a bank’s internal capital adequacy as...
- Что такое Прочность резервов? The adequacy of an insurer’s technical reserves to meet future claim obligations, as measured by actuarial and regulator...
- Что такое Прямая премия? The total amount of insurance premiums received directly by an insurer from policyholders, excluding premiums assumed th...
- Что такое Прямой страховщик? An insurance company that sells policies directly to the public without using independent agents or brokers. Direct writ...
- Что такое Публичное должностное лицо? An individual entrusted with prominent public functions, whose position exposes them to a higher risk of involvement in ...
- Что такое Пул ликвидности? A blockchain-based smart contract that aggregates user-contributed digital assets for decentralized trading, lending, or...
- Что такое Пул ликвидности? A smart contract-based reserve of tokens supplied by users to facilitate decentralized trading, lending, or yield genera...
- Что такое пул транзакций? A temporary holding area for unconfirmed blockchain transactions waiting to be included in a block, important for trade ...
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- Что такое Развитие убытков? The progression of reported and paid insurance claims over time, used to estimate ultimate losses and reserve adequacy.
- Что такое разделение цепочки? A blockchain fork resulting in two separate chains, each with distinct asset records, affecting portfolio asset tracking...
- Что такое Рамки крупных рисков? A regulatory system establishing limits on banks’ exposures to individual counterparties or groups, designed to prevent ...
- Что такое Раскрытие по третьему столпу? Regulatory disclosure requirements under Pillar 3 of the Basel framework, mandating banks to publish information on thei...
- Что такое Распределение активов по счетам? The portfolio-management process of determining which investment assets should be held in specific account types (e.g., ...
- Что такое Распределение капитала? The process by which an insurer or group assigns capital resources to business lines, risks, or subsidiaries, optimizing...
- Что такое Распределение токенов? The process of distributing specific quantities or percentages of digital tokens across a cryptocurrency portfolio, stra...
- Что такое Расходы на оплату труда? Total costs incurred by an entity for employee services, including salaries, wages, bonuses, stock options, and related ...
- Что такое Расходы по амортизации? The systematic allocation of the cost of a tangible fixed asset over its useful life, in accordance with IAS 16 and ASC ...
- Что такое Регулятивный капитал? The minimum amount of capital that an insurer or reinsurer is required to maintain by regulatory authorities, based on t...
- Что такое Регуляторный капитал? The minimum amount of capital financial institutions are required to hold by regulators to absorb losses and promote sys...
- Что такое Резерв на расходы? The provision included in insurance premiums or reserves to cover the insurer’s operating expenses such as administratio...
- Что такое Резерв по убыткам? An insurer’s balance sheet liability representing funds set aside to cover outstanding and incurred but not reported (IB...
- Что такое Резерв расходов? A liability set aside by an insurer to cover anticipated future administrative and claims adjustment expenses related to...
- Что такое Резерв убытков? A liability on an insurer’s balance sheet representing funds set aside to pay claims that have been incurred but not yet...
- Что такое Резерв убытков? A liability established by insurers to cover future claims payments for reported and incurred-but-not-reported (IBNR) lo...
- Что такое Резерв убытков? A liability account on an insurer’s balance sheet representing the estimated value of unpaid reported and incurred but n...
- Что такое Резервный запас? The surplus of available reserves over the minimum regulatory or actuarial requirements to ensure insurer solvency and s...
- Что такое Рекомендации по второму столпу? Supervisory recommendations and expectations provided to banks regarding internal risk management and capital assessment...
- Что такое Реорг цепочки? A blockchain event where a portion of the chain’s recent blocks is replaced by an alternative sequence, usually due to n...
- Что такое Риск заболеваемости? The risk of policyholders experiencing illness, injury, or disability at rates higher than assumed in pricing and reserv...
- Что такое Риск контрагента? The risk that the other party in a financial transaction may default on contractual obligations, causing financial loss...
- Что такое Риск маржа? An additional allowance in technical provisions to reflect the uncertainty in insurance liabilities, ensuring that the v...
- Что такое Риск несоблюдения? The risk of legal or regulatory sanctions, material financial loss, or reputational damage an organization may suffer as...
- Что такое Риск протокола? The risk of loss or disruption due to vulnerabilities, governance failures, or technical flaws in the codebase or consen...
- Что такое Риск реентерабельности? A smart contract vulnerability where a contract can be called repeatedly before its first invocation is complete, often ...
- Что такое Риск снижения? The potential for loss in value if a security or portfolio moves lower than a specified threshold. Quantified by measure...
- Что такое Риск стейблкоинов? The portfolio risk arising from the potential loss of value, de-pegging, regulatory actions, or insolvency of stablecoin...
- Что такое Риск хранения? The risk of loss, theft, or misappropriation of crypto assets held by a custodian or self-custody provider, including op...
- Что такое Риск-аппетит? The level and type of risk an insurer or reinsurer is prepared to accept in pursuit of its strategic objectives, as form...
- Что такое Риск-бюджетирование? The process of allocating portfolio risk across assets or strategies according to desired risk objectives, as opposed to...
- Что такое Риск-паритет? A portfolio construction approach that allocates risk equally across asset classes, rather than capital, aiming for bala...
- Что такое Риск-премия? The excess return that investors require for choosing a risky asset over a risk-free asset, used in asset pricing, cost ...
- Что такое Риск-пул? A collective fund or grouping of insurance risks, where premiums from multiple policyholders are pooled to cover claims ...
- Что такое Риск-экспозиция? The total value or potential for financial loss that an insurer or reinsurer is subject to from insured risks, measured ...
- Что такое Рыночное воздействие? The effect that a trade or series of trades has on the price of a security or asset, a critical consideration in executi...
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- Что такое Сайд-покет? A separate account or sub-fund used by investment funds, especially hedge funds, to isolate illiquid or hard-to-value as...
- Что такое сбой привязки? A situation where a pegged crypto asset (e.g., stablecoin) loses its intended value parity, impacting portfolio valuatio...
- Что такое Сбор за выкуп? Surrender Charge is a fee imposed by insurers on policyholders who terminate their insurance policy or withdraw funds be...
- Что такое Свободный денежный поток? The cash generated by a company after accounting for capital expenditures required to maintain or expand its asset base;...
- Что такое Сегрегация кошельков? The operational practice of maintaining client assets in separate wallets or address clusters, ensuring clear ownership,...
- Что такое Секторная ротация? An active investment strategy that shifts portfolio allocations among different economic sectors to capitalize on cyclic...
- Что такое Секторное перераспределение? A tactical portfolio management strategy that shifts investment capital among industry sectors to capitalize on economic...
- Что такое Сертификат депозита? A time deposit issued by a bank with a fixed maturity date and specified interest rate; early withdrawal typically incur...
- Что такое Сертифицированный чек? A check guaranteed by the issuing bank, which verifies that sufficient funds exist and sets aside the amount for payment...
- Что такое Сетевая комиссия? The mandatory fee paid to validators or miners for processing and confirming transactions on a blockchain network, direc...
- Что такое Сжигание денежных средств? The rate at which a company expends its cash reserves, typically expressed as a monthly or quarterly amount, commonly us...
- Что такое Сжигание токенов? The permanent removal of tokens from circulation by sending them to an irretrievable address, reducing supply, affecting...
- Что такое Синтетический актив? A blockchain-based derivative instrument designed to replicate the price behavior of a real-world or digital asset, usin...
- Что такое синтетический пул? A decentralized liquidity pool that holds synthetic assets, enabling exposure to underlying assets via derivatives witho...
- Что такое Системный риск? The risk of collapse or severe dysfunction of an entire financial system or market, as opposed to risk associated with a...
- Что такое Скорректированная EBITDA? A non-GAAP performance metric reflecting earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, further adjust...
- Что такое Следование за трендом? An investment strategy that seeks to capture gains through the analysis of an asset’s momentum in a particular direction...
- Что такое Слой расчетов? The base blockchain layer responsible for the final and irreversible recording of transactions and asset transfers, prov...
- Что такое слойное решение? A blockchain scaling technology implemented on top of a base chain (Layer 1) to improve throughput and reduce costs, rel...
- Что такое Смарт-аудит? Automated or expert-led review and verification of smart contract code and onchain protocols to identify vulnerabilities...
- Что такое Смарт-контракт? A self-executing, code-based contract deployed on a blockchain that automatically enforces and executes agreed rules and...
- Что такое Смещение выживших? A statistical distortion that arises when only surviving entities are included in performance analysis, causing overesti...
- Что такое Смещение подстановки? A bias that occurs when historical data are added to a database after favorable performance has already been observed, o...
- Что такое Смещение стиля? The divergence of a portfolio or fund from its stated investment style or strategy, often measured in official attributi...
- Что такое Снижение риска? A set of strategies, measures, or controls used by insurers and reinsurers to reduce the likelihood, impact, or severity...
- Что такое Событие airdrop? A crypto portfolio event in which tokens are distributed, typically at no cost, to eligible wallet holders based on spec...
- Что такое событие слэшинга? A punitive action on staking protocols where validator misbehavior results in partial loss of staked assets, directly af...
- Что такое Совместный счет? A bank or investment account held by two or more individuals with equal rights to deposit, withdraw, and manage funds. E...
- Что такое Совокупная доходность? The overall return on an investment, including capital gains, interest, and dividends, measured over a specified period ...
- Что такое Совокупный лимит? The maximum amount an insurer will pay for all covered losses during a policy period, regardless of the number or type o...
- Что такое Совпадение обязательств? An institutional portfolio strategy designed to structure asset cash flows and durations so that they align with the tim...
- Что такое Соответствие Базелю IV? The act of meeting all regulatory requirements set out under Basel IV, covering risk-weighted assets, capital adequacy, ...
- Что такое Соотношение долга к доходу? A personal finance measure that compares an individual's total monthly debt payments to their gross monthly income, used...
- Что такое Составной бенчмарк? A blended index consisting of two or more benchmarks, weighted to reflect a portfolio’s strategic asset allocation.
- Что такое Софт-доллары? Arrangements where asset managers pay for research or brokerage services with client commission revenue rather than dire...
- Что такое Сохранение капитала? An investment objective focused on preventing loss of principal, prioritizing safety and liquidity over return.
- Что такое Список санкционного скрининга? A list of individuals, entities, or countries subject to financial and economic sanctions, used by financial institution...
- Что такое Справедливая стоимость? The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between mark...
- Что такое Спред доходности? The difference between the quoted rates of return of two different debt instruments, often used to compare risk and retu...
- Что такое Спред свопа? The difference between the fixed rate of a swap and the yield of a government bond of the same maturity, reflecting cred...
- Что такое Спред-дюрация? A measure of a bond portfolio’s sensitivity to changes in credit spreads; it quantifies the impact of spread changes on ...
- Что такое Среднее возвращение? A statistical theory stating that asset prices and historical returns eventually move back toward the mean or average le...
- Что такое Среднее-Вариация? An analytical framework that evaluates portfolios by calculating expected return (mean) and risk (variance), fundamental...
- Что такое Средний коэффициент успеха? A performance metric used in investment management to measure the ratio of successful (outperforming) investment decisio...
- Что такое Срок окупаемости? The time required for the cumulative cash inflows from an investment to equal the initial outlay, used as a simple capit...
- Что такое Срочный вклад? A deposit in a bank or financial institution that has a fixed term and typically offers a higher interest rate, with wit...
- Что такое Ставка дисконтирования? The interest rate used to calculate the present value of future insurance cash flows, crucial for reserving, pricing, an...
- Что такое Статутная отчетность? The accounting principles and methods prescribed by insurance regulators for financial reporting. Statutory accounting e...
- Что такое Статутный профицит? The excess of an insurance company's admitted assets over its liabilities, as calculated under statutory accounting prin...
- Что такое Стейкинг-пул? A service or protocol that aggregates tokens from multiple participants to increase the chances of validating blocks and...
- Что такое Стоимость предприятия? The total value of a business calculated as equity market capitalization plus total debt and minority interest minus cas...
- Что такое Стоимость собственного капитала? The value of a company’s shareholders’ equity, calculated as market capitalization (shares outstanding times share price...
- Что такое Стоп-лосс? A type of reinsurance or policy provision in which the insurer is protected against losses above a specified limit, afte...
- Что такое Стратегическое распределение? The long-term portfolio-management practice of setting and maintaining a target mix of asset classes (e.g., equities, fi...
- Что такое Страхование? A risk management contract where an insurer indemnifies another party against specified loss or damage in exchange for a...
- Что такое Страховой флоут? The investable funds generated from premiums received by an insurer that have not yet been paid out as claims or expense...
- Что такое Стресс ликвидного риска? A situation or scenario in which a bank faces significant cash outflows or restricted market funding, testing its abilit...
- Что такое Стресс-тест? A simulation or analysis designed to evaluate the resilience of an institution, portfolio, or system under severe but pl...
- Что такое Существенный недостаток? A deficiency or combination of deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable...
- Что такое Сценарий стресс-тестирования? A hypothetical adverse event or set of conditions used to assess the resilience of a bank’s capital, liquidity, or risk ...
- Что такое Сценарный анализ? A risk management technique that evaluates the potential impact of different future events or market conditions on finan...
- Что такое Счет денежного рынка? A type of deposit account that typically pays higher interest and offers limited check-writing privileges, subject to re...
- Что такое Счёт до востребования? A deposit account from which funds may be withdrawn at any time without advance notice, primarily used for checking acco...
- Что такое Счёт со свип-операциями? A bank account that automatically transfers (sweeps) amounts above or below a certain threshold into a higher interest-b...
Т
- Что такое Таблица смертности? A statistical chart showing the probability of death for each age group within a population, used by insurers and actuar...
- Что такое Тактическое распределение? A portfolio-management approach involving short- to medium-term adjustments to asset class weights, designed to exploit ...
- Что такое Таргетирование волатильности? A portfolio management technique in which asset weights are dynamically adjusted to achieve a specified target volatilit...
- Что такое Текущая стоимость? The current worth of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows discounted at a specified rate, used extensively in v...
- Что такое Тематическое инвестирование? An investment strategy focused on opportunities arising from macro-level trends or specific long-term themes (e.g., clea...
- Что такое Теневая бухгалтерия? An accounting method under IFRS 17 that allows changes in insurance contract liabilities, recognized in equity, to be re...
- Что такое Технические резервы? The total amount set aside by insurers as liabilities to meet all future policyholder claims, unearned premiums, and rel...
- Что такое Технический резерв? The mandatory liability on an insurer’s balance sheet representing the amount set aside to cover future insurance claims...
- Что такое Токен управления? A blockchain-native token that confers voting rights and participation privileges in the protocol’s decision-making, all...
- Что такое Точность прогноза? A measure of how closely actual financial or operational results match the corresponding budget, projection, or forecast...
- Что такое Транзакционные издержки? All costs directly or indirectly associated with buying or selling securities, including commissions, spreads, and marke...
- Что такое Трассант? The person or entity that writes and signs a check or bill of exchange, instructing the drawee to pay a specified sum to...
- Что такое Трассат? The financial institution or party upon whom a check, draft, or bill of exchange is drawn and which is ordered to pay th...
- Что такое Требование к капиталу? The minimum amount of capital an insurer must hold to meet regulatory standards and ensure solvency against policyholder...
- Что такое Требование к коэффициенту левериджа? A regulatory standard requiring banks to maintain a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to total leverage exposure, irrespec...
- Что такое Требование начальной маржи? The minimum amount of collateral required to open a position in a derivatives contract, set by clearinghouses or regulat...
- Что такое Трекинг-Ошибка? A measure of the standard deviation of the difference between a portfolio's returns and its benchmark's returns, indicat...
- Что такое Треугольник убытков? An actuarial technique using a triangular matrix to analyze the development of claims over time, enabling more accurate ...
- Что такое Тяжесть убытков? The average size or monetary value of losses for a given class of claims, used in actuarial modeling and underwriting.
У
- Что такое Убыток при дефолте? The share of an asset that is lost by a lender when a borrower defaults, expressed as a percentage of exposure at defaul...
- Что такое Углеродный след? The total amount of greenhouse gas emissions, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent, generated directly and indirectly ...
- Что такое Управление газом? The process of optimizing and tracking the use of network fees (gas) for blockchain transactions, with the aim of reduci...
- Что такое Управление залогом? The process of selecting, valuing, and monitoring collateral to mitigate counterparty credit risk in investment transact...
- Что такое Управление ключами? The set of policies, technologies, and procedures used to generate, store, rotate, and secure cryptographic keys control...
- Что такое Управление переходным периодом? A specialist service within investment management focused on minimizing cost and risk during the restructuring, liquidat...
- Что такое Управление убытками? The entire process of handling insurance claims from notification through investigation, assessment, settlement, and clo...
- Что такое Урегулирование убытков? The process of investigating, evaluating, and settling insurance claims to determine the insurer’s liability and the amo...
- Что такое Условное обязательство? A potential obligation that may arise depending on the outcome of a future event, recognized in the notes to financial s...
- Что такое Устойчивое инвестирование? An investment approach integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria into portfolio construction and ...
- Что такое Устойчивый рост? The maximum rate at which a company can grow its sales, earnings, and dividends without having to increase financial lev...
- Что такое Утечка убытков? The financial loss resulting from the difference between the actual amount paid on claims and the amount that should hav...
- Что такое Участник сети SWIFT? A financial institution or corporate entity that is registered and authorized to send and receive financial messages ove...
Ф
- Что такое Факторная экспозиция? The sensitivity of a portfolio's returns to systematic risk factors such as value, momentum, size, or market beta, as me...
- Что такое фиатный шлюз? A regulated service or infrastructure that enables conversion between fiat currency and crypto assets, crucial for fund ...
- Что такое Фидуциарная обязанность? A legal and ethical obligation requiring portfolio managers and trustees to act in the best interests of clients or bene...
- Что такое финальность цепочки? The point at which a block or transaction is considered irreversible and permanently confirmed on a blockchain, essentia...
- Что такое Финансовый рычаг? A measure of the degree to which a company uses borrowed funds to finance its assets, operations, or investments, amplif...
- Что такое флэш-крэш? A sudden, deep, and short-lived drop in crypto asset prices often caused by automated trading, impacting portfolio valua...
- Что такое Фонд денежного рынка? A mutual fund that invests in short-term, high-liquidity, low-risk money market instruments such as Treasury bills, comm...
- Что такое Форк протокола? A change in a blockchain’s protocol, often leading to a new version of the blockchain, which can be either backward-comp...
- Что такое Формат сообщения SWIFT? A standardized structure for financial messages exchanged over the SWIFT network, defined by SWIFT and used for global p...
- Что такое Фреймворк токенизации? A standardized set of protocols, legal guidelines, and technical tools enabling the issuance, management, and compliance...
- Что такое Фронт-раннинг? An illegal and unethical trading practice where a broker or fund manager places personal orders ahead of client orders t...
Х
- Что такое Хвостовой риск? The risk of rare, extreme events causing large insurance losses, residing in the tail of a probability distribution, sig...
- Что такое Хвостовой риск? The risk of portfolio losses arising from rare events in the extreme ends (tails) of the return distribution, often meas...
- Что такое Холодное хранение? A custody method for securing private keys and crypto assets in an offline environment, inaccessible from the internet, ...
- Что такое Холодный кошелёк? An offline digital asset storage solution, typically hardware devices or paper wallets, used to secure crypto holdings a...
Ц
- Что такое Цена/Прибыль? A valuation ratio calculated by dividing a company's market price per share by its earnings per share, used by analysts ...
- Что такое Ценовой импульс? A market anomaly describing the tendency of asset prices to continue moving in the same direction for a period of time, ...
- Что такое ценовой оракул? A data feed service that supplies external price information to smart contracts or portfolio systems, critical for valua...
- Что такое Центральный клиринговый контрагент? A mechanism whereby a central counterparty (CCP) interposes itself between trading parties in derivatives and securities...
- Что такое Цифровые активы? Digitally represented financial assets such as cryptocurrencies, tokenized securities, or other blockchain-based instrum...
Ч
- Что такое Частота убытков? The number of claims or loss events occurring within a specified period, used in pricing, underwriting, and actuarial an...
- Что такое Человеческий капитал? The collective knowledge, skills, and experience possessed by individuals within an organization, recognized as a critic...
- Что такое Чистая доходность? The annual income from an investment after deducting all expenses and taxes, expressed as a percentage of the investment...
- Что такое Чистое стабильное финансирование? A Basel III standard that measures the amount of stable funding a bank has relative to its liquidity profile over a one-...
- Что такое Чистый леверидж? A measure of financial leverage calculated as total debt minus cash and cash equivalents, divided by EBITDA or another p...
- Что такое Чёрный лебедь? A rare and unpredictable event with severe consequences, especially in financial markets; a key risk concept in portfoli...
Э
- Что такое Экономическая прибыль? The residual profit after subtracting the cost of capital from net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT); used to measure...
- Что такое Экспозиция на момент дефолта? The total value a bank is exposed to when a borrower defaults, representing the outstanding amount at the moment of defa...
- Что такое эскроу-контракт? A smart contract that holds crypto assets in trust until predefined conditions are met, securing portfolio transactions.
- Что такое эскроу-сервис? A third-party service holding crypto assets temporarily to ensure conditional transaction completion, reducing counterpa...
- Что такое Эскроу-счет? A legal arrangement where a third party holds assets, funds, or documents on behalf of transacting parties until all con...
- Что такое Эффективная граница? The set of optimal portfolios that offer the highest expected return for a defined level of risk, or the lowest risk for...
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